Licensing, cross-border rules, malpractice exposure and patient rights by jurisdiction.
Unreviewed Written 2 October 2026| 4 sources| Waiting figures and a cross-border supply restriction read in the official record Gender-Affirming Care Abroad Verified against primary record Waiting, England Over 40,000 people waiting for a first adult clinic appointment at the end of March 2025[1] Wait already experienced An average of 296 weeks, about five years … Read more
Unreviewed Written 2 October 2026| 8 sources| The one sector with a codified international compliance regime Sports Medicine Travel Verified against primary record Who grants an exemption A national anti-doping organisation or an international federation, not the world agency[1] One body only An exemption can be submitted to only one anti-doping organisation[1] Treatment before approval … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 4 sources| A licensing power in force since 2022 with no scheme made under it Medical Spa Tourism Verified against primary record England, the power A power to license non-surgical cosmetic procedures, in force since 1 July 2022[1] England, the scheme No licensing scheme had been made as at the … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 3 sources| A government rule aimed at the practice could produce no count of it Birth Tourism Verified against primary record Unconditional citizenship by birth 33 countries identified in a 2018 comparative legal survey, most in the Americas and Caribbean[1] United States visa rule Pleasure does not include travel whose … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 3 sources| A treaty project widely described as forthcoming has in fact stopped Surrogacy Abroad Verified against primary record Treaty status In March 2026 the governing body decided not to advance to drafting a convention at this stage[1] Next review The Permanent Bureau is to monitor developments and report before … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 3 sources| Two terms routinely used as synonyms; the defining document separates them Transplant Tourism Verified against primary record Travel for transplantation The movement of persons across jurisdictional borders for transplantation purposes[1] Transplant tourism A subset of that travel, defined by two specific conditions[1] Criminal law instrument CETS No. 216, … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 1 source| Deliberately short: most of this subject could not be verified Addiction Treatment Abroad Verified against primary record European opioid treatment An estimated 511,000 of 860,000 high-risk opioid users in the EU were receiving agonist treatment, 2023[1] Provision varies Described as low and insufficient in several named member states[1] … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 4 sources| Europe’s largest fertility dataset checked for a cross-border field; it has none Fertility Tourism Verified against primary record European activity 910,470 treatment cycles reported from 34 countries, reference year 2021[1] Cross-border field None; the registry system carries no foreign-patient flag[1] Eligibility law In 11 of 43 European countries … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 4 sources| The rare case in this field with counted administrative travel data Abortion Travel Verified against primary record Counted travel 745 abortions to non-residents in England and Wales, 2022[1] Change after a law changed Irish residents fell from 2,879 in 2018 to 206 in 2021[1] Records read Statutory notification … Read more
Unreviewed Written 30 September 2026| 4 sources| A statute date corrected against the legislature’s own record Medical Travel for Intersex Patients Verified against primary record First national prohibition Malta, Act XI of 2015, published 14 April 2015[1] Human rights framing Non-emergency interventions without full, free and informed consent[2] Records read Treaty body note and the … Read more